Reports

	Year	Title
1	2011	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1511
2	2011	Impacts of Air Pollution on Freshwater Acidification under Future Emission Reduction Scenarios; ICP Waters contribution to WGE report
3	2011	Trends in precipitation chemistry, surface water chemistry and aquatic biota in acidified areas in Europe and North America from 1990 to 2008.
4	2011	IntercomÂ¬parison 1125: pH, Conductivity, Alkalinity, NO3-N, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TOC, Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
5	2010	Proceedings of the 26th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Helsinki, Finland, October 4-6, 2010.
6	2010	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1410
7	2010	Intercalibration Invertebrates Aquatic fauna Monitoring Intercalibration Invertebrates Aquatic fauna Monitoring Intercalibration Invertebrates Aquatic fauna Monitoring ICP Waters Programme Manual 2010
8	2010	Intercomparison 1024: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, CI, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TOC, A1, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
9	2010	Nutrient enrichment effects of atmospheric N deposition on biology in oligotrophic surface waters - a review
10	2010	Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Burlington, Canada, October 19-21 2009.
11	2009	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1309
12	2009	Intercomparison 0923: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TOC, Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
13	2009	An assessment of Hg in the freshwater aquatic environment related to long-range transported air pollution in Europe and North America
14	2009	Proceedings of the 24th meeting of the TCP Waters Programme Task Force in Budapest, Hungary, October 6-8, 2008
15	2008	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1208
16	2008	Intercomparison 0822: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
17	2008	ICP Waters 20 year with monitoring effects of long-range transboundary air pollution on surface waers in Europe and North-America
18	2008	Proceedings of the 23 rd meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Nancy, France, October 8 - 10, 2007
19	2008	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1107
20	2007	Intercomparison 0721: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
21	2007	Review of the Gothenburg Protocol: Chemical and biological responses in surface waters and soils
22	2007	Trends in surface water chemistry and biota; The importance of confounding factors
23	2006	Joint Workshop on Confounding Factors in Recovery from Acid Depositon in Surface Waters, 9-10 October 2006, Bergen, Norway; Summary and Abstracts
24	2006	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1006
25	2006	Intercomparison 0620: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3+NO2, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn
26	2006	Proceedings of the 21th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Tallinn, Estonia, October 17-19, 2005
27	2006	Critical Loads, Target Load Functions and Dynamic Modelling for Surface Waters and ICP Waters Sites
28	2005	Concentrations and levels of POPs from long-range transboundary air pollution in freshwater fish and sediments
29	2005	Intercomparison 0519: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3+NO2, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
30	2005	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 0905
31	2005	Proceedings of the 20th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Falun, Sweden, October 18-20, 2004
32	2004	International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes. Intercomparison 0418: pH, Cond, HCO3 NO3+NO2, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
33	2004	Recovery from acidification of invertebrate fauna at ICP Water sites in Europe and North America
34	2004	Proceedings of the 19th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Lugano, Switzerland, October 18-20,2003
35	2004	Intercalibration: Invertebrate fauna 09/04
36	2003	International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes, Intercomparison 0317: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3+NO2 C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn
37	2003	The 15-year report: Assessment and monitoring of surface waters in Europe and North America acidification and recovery, dynamic modelling and heavy metals
38	2003	Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Moscow, October 7-9, 2002
39	2003	Intercalibration: Invertebrate fauna 0307
40	2002	Dynamic Modelling of Surface Waters: Impact of emission reduction - possibilities and limitations
41	2002	Workshop on Models for Biological Recovery from Acidification in a Changing Climate 9-11 September 2002 in Grimstad, Norway Workshop report
42	2002	Proceedings from the Workshop on Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd and Hg) in Surface Waters Monitoring and Biological Impact. March 18 - 20, 2002, Lillehammer, Norway
43	2002	Tracing recovery from acidification - a multivariate approach
44	2002	Intercalibration 0206: Invertebrate fauna
45	2001	Assessment of Trends and Leaching of Nitrogen at ICP Waters Sites (Europe and North America)
46	2001	National presentations from the 16th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Riga Latvia, October 18-20, 2000
47	2001	Intercomparison 0115 of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes
48	2001	Intercalibration 0005: Invertebrate fauna
49	2001	Effects of year-to-year variations in climate on trends in acidification
50	2000	Trends in intercomparisons 8701 - 9812: pH, cond, NO3Â¯+NO2Â¯, ClÂ¯, SO4Â¯, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Al
51	2000	Intercomparison 0014 of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes
52	2000	The 12-year report: Acidification of Surface Water in Europe and North America Trends, biological recovery and heavy metals
53	1999	Workshop on biological assessment and monitoring evaluation and models
54	1999	Intercomparison 9913 of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes
55	1998	Intercomparison 9812. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
56	1998	Summary of The Nine Year Report from the ICP-Waters Programme
57	1998	Critical loads and their exceedances for ICP-Waters sites
58	1998	Intercalibration 9804: Invertebrate fauna
59	1997	Intercomparison 9711. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
60	1997	The Nine year report: Acidification of surface water in Europe and North America. Long-term Developements (1980s and 1990s)
61	1996	Intercomparison 9610, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
62	1996	International cooperative programme on assessment and monitoring of acidification of rivers and lakes
63	1995	Intercomparison 9509. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate +/- nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
64	1995	An Assessment of Nitrogen Leaching from Watersheds included in ICP on Waters
65	1994	Intercomparison 9408. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
66	1994	The six year report: Acidification of surface water in Europe and North America. Dose/respons relationships and longterm trends.
67	1993	Intercalibration of Invertebrate Fauna. 9301
68	1993	Intercalibration 9307. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfatw, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand
69	1992	Intercalibration 9206. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrat + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminium and dissolved organic carbon.
70	1991	Intercalibration 9105. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrat + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total organic carbon
71	1990	Intercalibration 9004. pH and alkalinity
72	1990	Overview of areas sensitive to acidification: Europe
73	1989	Intercalibrition 8903. Dissolved organic carbon, and aluminium fractiond
74	1988	Intercalibration 8802

1	Back to the list
Year	2011
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1511
Authors	Arne Fjellheim, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway, Arne Johannessen, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway, and Torunn Svanevik Landås, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
Abstract	The 15th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP Waters programme had contribution from four laboratories. The laboratories identified a high portion of the individuals in the test samples, usually > 90% of the total number of species. Few faults were recorded on genus level. The mean Quality assurance index was > 90% for all participating laboratories, indicating excellent taxonomic work.
NIVA nr	OR-6264
Download	6264_2011_72dpi.pdf 6264_2011_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2011
Title	Impacts of Air Pollution on Freshwater Acidification under Future Emission Reduction Scenarios; ICP Waters contribution to WGE report
Authors	Richard F. Wright, NIVA, Rachel Helliwell, The James Hutton Institute, Scotland UK, Jakub Hruska, Czech Geological Survey, Czech Republic, ThorjÃ¸rn Larssen, NIVA, Michela Rogora, CNR Institute of Ecosystem Study, Italy, Dorota RzychoÃ±, Inst. Ecology of Industrial Areas, Poland, Brit Lisa Skjelkvåle, NIVA, and Adam Worsztynowicz, Inst. Ecology of Industrial Areas, Poland
Abstract	The UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) is currently working on a revision of the Gothenburg protocol. ICP Waters has used the dynamic model MAGIC to evaluate the effects of future deposition scenarios (COB2020 (current legislation), Low2020, Mid2020, High*2020, and MFR2020 (maximum technically feasible reduction) on surface waters. These five deposition scenarios are very similar to one another and represent substantial decreases in deposition for the year 2020 relative to the base year 2000. At all sites the modelled results indicate that chemical recovery will continue into the future. At all but the most acid sensitive sites acid neutralising capacity (ANC) will increase to levels above the critical level for biological damage. Additional improvements in water quality can be obtained in the future with emission reductions beyond MFR2020.
NIVA nr	OR-6243
Download	6243-2011_72dpi.pdf 6243-2011_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2011
Title	Trends in precipitation chemistry, surface water chemistry and aquatic biota in acidified areas in Europe and North America from 1990 to 2008.
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., and de Wit, H.A.
Abstract	Results from international monitoring programmes on precipitation chemistry and surface water chemistry and biota for the time period 1990 to 2008 are reported here. Concentrations of sulphate and nitrate in precipitation in large areas in Europe and North America have decreased due to reduction of emissions to the atmosphere. For sulphate in surface waters, the same pattern can be seen although the reduction is not as large as in precipitation. Nitrate, however, does not show uniform decreasing trends. The acidity of lakes and rivers has decreased and in many areas there are good conditions for recovery of aquatic biological communities. Several areas in Europe will, however, not achieve good (non-acidified) water quality with current legislation of emissions of acidifying components. Future reductions of both S and N deposition are necessary to achieve biological recovery.
NIVA nr	OR-6218
Download	6218-2011_72dpi.pdf 6218-2011_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2011
Title	IntercomÂ¬parison 1125: pH, Conductivity, Alkalinity, NO3-N, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TOC, Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Dahl, I., and HagebÃ¸, Eva
Abstract	67 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 1125, and 57 laboratories in 25 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 83 % of the overall results were considered as acceptable. This is the best result ever. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium, cadmium, calcium and iron, with 95, 94, 91 and 91 % acceptable results, respectively. The lowest percentage were observed for lead, total organic carbon and nickel with 67, 69 and 72 % acceptable results. Harmonization of the analytical methods used, and the practical procedures followed, may probably be the most important way to improve the comparability for these parameters.
NIVA nr	OR-6222
Download	6222-2011 sur25-rapp72dpi.pdf 6222-2011 sur25-rapp-200dpi.pdf

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Year	2010
Title	Proceedings of the 26th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Helsinki, Finland, October 4-6, 2010.
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B., Wathne, B., and Vuorenmaa, Jussi (SYKE, Finland)
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 26th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Helsinki, Finland, October 4 â 6, 2010.
NIVA nr	OR-6097
Download	6097-2010_200dpi.pdf 6097-2010_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2010
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1410
Authors	Arne Fjellheim,, Arne Johannessen,, Torunn Svanevik Landås, and Uni Research AS,
Abstract	The 14th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP Waters programme had contribution from five laboratories. The laboratories identified a high portion of the individuals in the test samples, usually > 90% of the total number of species. Shortcoming identifications below this limit were also noted. Few faults were recorded on genus level. The mean Quality assurance index was > 80 for all participating laboratories, indicating very good taxonomic work.
NIVA nr	OR-6087
Download	6087-2010_72dpi.pdf 6087-2010_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2010
Title	Intercalibration Invertebrates Aquatic fauna Monitoring Intercalibration Invertebrates Aquatic fauna Monitoring Intercalibration Invertebrates Aquatic fauna Monitoring ICP Waters Programme Manual 2010
Authors	ICP Waters Programme Centre
Abstract
NIVA nr	OR-6074
Download	6074-2010_72dpi.pdf 6074-2010_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2010
Title	Intercomparison 1024: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, CI, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TOC, A1, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	75 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 1024, and 65 laboratories in 25 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 75 % of the overall results were considered as acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium, cadmium and manganese, with 93, 88 and 85 % acceptable results, respectively. Low percentage of acceptable results was observed for pH with only 49 % acceptable results, and copper with 51 % acceptable results. Harmonization of the analytical methods used, and the practical procedures followed, may probably be the most important way to improve the comparability for these parameters.
NIVA nr	OR-6029
Download	6029-2010_200dpi.pdf 6029-2010_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2010
Title	Nutrient enrichment effects of atmospheric N deposition on biology in oligotrophic surface waters - a review
Authors	de Wit, H., and Lindholm, M.
Abstract	Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) leads to enhanced leaching of N species to surface waters in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The reigning paradigm of freshwater primary productivity is limitation by phosphorus (P), which suggests that additional N does not affect growth of algae and higher aquatic plants. This literature review shows that increased availability of N, related to atmospheric N deposition, in nutrient-poor temperate, boreal and arctic lakes affect freshwater biology. Lake sediment studies show shifts in algal communities and increases in algal growth related to higher N concentrations. Regional surveys in boreal lakes show higher chlorophyll concentrations per unit P in areas with higher N deposition, indicative of higher primary production. Experimental nutrient additions in lakes (mesocosm studies and bioassays) support the finding of the regional surveys by showing that N limitation of algal growth is common, especially under conditions of low N availability. Increased N availability can stimulate productivity of sediment- and rock-dwelling algae (benthic algae) but here data are scarce. Water plant dynamics from oligotrophic lakes relate significant plant community shifts (loss of key species, dominance of new species) to increased ammonium deposition and increased availability of N species, but other factors (CO2, liming) may also explain some of the observed changes. The findings in this report are used to evaluate critical loads for atmospheric N in freshwater habitats. New empirical loads for nutrient-N are proposed, while an approach for modelling of critical loads of nutrient N with a mass balance model is suggested.
NIVA nr	OR-6007
Download	6007-2010_200dpi.pdf 6007-2010_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2010
Title	Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Burlington, Canada, October 19-21 2009.
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B., de Wit, H., and Jeffries, Dean (Environment Canada)
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 25th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Burlington, Canada, October 19-21 2009.
NIVA nr	OR-5995
Download	5995-2010_200dpi.pdf 5995-2010_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2009
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1309
Authors	Fjellheim, Arne, LFI,, Uni Environment,, and Uni Research AS
Abstract	The 13th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP Waters programme had contribution from six laboratories. The laboratories identified a high portion of the individuals in the test samples, usually > 90% of the total number of species. Shortcoming identifications below this limit were also noted. Few faults were recorded on genus level. The mean Quality assurance index was > 90 for all participating laboratories, indicating very good taxonomic work.
NIVA nr	OR-5883
Download	5883-2009.pdf 5883-2009_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2009
Title	Intercomparison 0923: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TOC, Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	72 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0923, and 68 laboratories in 29 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 75 % of the overall results were considered as acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables zinc, magnesium and sodium, with 90, 88 and 88 % acceptable results, respectively. Low percentage of acceptable results was observed for copper with only 37 % acceptable results, due to the low concentrations in the samples used. Harmonization of the analytical methods used, and the practical procedures followed, may probably be the most important way to improve the comparability for these parameters.
NIVA nr	OR-5845
Download	5845-2009_150dpi.pdf 5845-2009_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2009
Title	An assessment of Hg in the freshwater aquatic environment related to long-range transported air pollution in Europe and North America
Authors	Ranneklev, S., de Wit, H., Jenssen, M., and Skjelkvåle, B.L
Abstract	Long-range transboundary atmospheric transport of the pollutant mercury (Hg) (LTRAP-Hg) poses an ecological threat to aquatic ecosystems and biota. Through fish consumption, mercury and its highly toxic and bioaccumulative organic form methylmercury (MeHg) may cause harmful effects on human health. Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of Hg in aquatic ecosystems are not well understood. In Scandinavia an increased content of Hg in piscivorous fish has been observed the last decade. Today, legislation and guidelines on concentration levels of Hg for fish retail and private consumption are in place in most countries and the utility of the fishery as a resource is reduced. This report gives an overview of : - relevant international agreements on Hg pollution - factors that drive the spreading and accumulation of Hg in the environment - current knowledge on the status of LRTAP Hg in freshwater aquatic ecosystems (fish, sediments, water) within the UNECE region (North America and Europe). recommendations for an outline of a monitoring network suitable for assessing the distribution and effects of LTRAP-Hg in freshwater aquatic environments.
NIVA nr	OR-5844
Download	5844-2009.pdf 5844-2009_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2009
Title	Proceedings of the 24th meeting of the TCP Waters Programme Task Force in Budapest, Hungary, October 6-8, 2008
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., Jenssen, M., and de Wit, H.
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 24th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Budapest, Hungary, October 6. - 8, 2008.
NIVA nr	OR-5770
Download	5770-2009_150dpi.pdf 5770-2009_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2008
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1208
Authors	Fjellheim, A. (LFI), and Raddum. G.G. (LFI)
Abstract
NIVA nr	OR-5706
Download	5706-2008_ICP 95-2008.pdf 5706-2008_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2008
Title	Intercomparison 0822: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	76 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0822, and 74 laboratories in 29 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 69 % of the overall results were considered as acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium, chloride, and calcium, with 91, 85 and 85 % acceptable results, respectively. Low percentage of acceptable results was observed for some heavy metals, for instance copper with 20 % acceptable results. The main reason is the low concentrations of some metals in the samples used. Alkalinity was also a big problem this time, with only 35 % acceptable results. Harmonization of the analytical methods used, and the practical procedures followed, may probably be the most important way to improve the comparability for these parameters.
NIVA nr	OR-5660
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Year	2008
Title	ICP Waters 20 year with monitoring effects of long-range transboundary air pollution on surface waers in Europe and North-America
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L.M,, and de Wit, H.
Abstract
NIVA nr	OR-5684
Download	5684 NIVA-20year-rapport20nov08.pdf

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Year	2008
Title	Proceedings of the 23 rd meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Nancy, France, October 8 - 10, 2007
Authors	de Wit, H., Skjelkvåle, B. L., and Jenssen, T.S,
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 23rd meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Nancy, France, October 8-10, 2007.
NIVA nr	OR-5567
Download	5567-2008_ICP 92-2008_72dpi.pdf 5567-2008_ICP 92-2008_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2008
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1107
Authors	Fjellheim, A. (UiB), and Raddum, G.G. (UiB)
Abstract
NIVA nr	OR-5551
Download	5551-2008_200dpi.pdf 5551-2008_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2007
Title	Intercomparison 0721: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3-N, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	75 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0721, and 72 laboratories in 28 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 73 % of the overall results were considered as acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium and calcium, with 92 and 86 % acceptable results, respectively. Low percentage of acceptable results was observed for some heavy metals, especially zinc with 53 % acceptable results. The main reason is the low concentrations of the metals in the samples used. This time the worst case was pH with only 51 % of the results being acceptable. Harmonization of the analytical methods used and the practical procedures followed is probably most important to improve the comparability for pH.
NIVA nr	OR-5486
Download	5486-2007_72dpi.pdf 5486-2007_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2007
Title	Review of the Gothenburg Protocol: Chemical and biological responses in surface waters and soils
Authors	Wright, R., Maximilian Posch, MNP, B Jack Cosby, University of Virginia, USA, Martin Forsius, SYKE, Finland, and Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	Monitoring data from ICP Waters and ICP Integrated Monitoring as well as other sources show clear and large regional recovery in surface water chemistry in response to the large decreases in deposition of sulphur and to a lesser extent nitrogen since the mid-1980s. Waters have become less acidic and less toxic to biota. At many sites sulphate concentrations now approach the low levels expected following full implementation of the Gothenburg protocol. Nitrate, on the other hand, does not show consistent trends, and most sites are far from steady-state conditions. Results of multivariate statistical gradient analysis suggest that coniferous defoliation, discolouration and lifespan of needles in the diverse phenomena of forest damage are explained by the combined action of ozone and acidifying sulphur and nitrogen compounds in air. Dynamic models and critical load mapping indicate that a significant number of sites in several regions of Europe will continue to be acidified after 2010. Biological recovery has begun in many regions, but lags behind chemical recovery. Future climate change will affect acidification and recovery.
NIVA nr	OR-5475
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Year	2007
Title	Trends in surface water chemistry and biota; The importance of confounding factors
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L, and de Wit, H.
Abstract	The main aim of the ICP Waters Programme is to assess, on a regional basis, the degree and geographical extent of the impact of atmospheric pollution, in particular acidification, on surface waters. Twenty-two countries in Europe and North America participate in the programme on a regular basis. This report contains surface water chemistry trend analyses for ICP Waters sites for the period 1994-2004, including nitrate and dissolved organic carbon, and an assessment of biological recovery. Additionally, effects of environmental factors other than acid deposition â so-called âconfounding factorsâ - on chemical and biological recovery of surface waters are evaluated. Most regions in Europa and North America show significant decreases in sulphate whereas nitrate trends are more scattered. Indicators of chemical recovery â alkalinity, pH and ANC â show improvements, most clearly in Europe. Increases in organic acidity and seasalt deposition delay recovery in some regions. Climate change both delays and enhances chemical recovery depending on region and variable. International cooperative work to abate acidification has so far been very successful, but water chemistry and biology of many acidified systems is still far from any pre-industrial reference condition. Monitoring of future development of water chemistry and aquatic biota in acidified water bodies must continue in order to assess effects of further emission reductions of S and N and confounding effects of climate.
NIVA nr	OR-5385
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Year	2006
Title	Joint Workshop on Confounding Factors in Recovery from Acid Depositon in Surface Waters, 9-10 October 2006, Bergen, Norway; Summary and Abstracts
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L.,, Forsius, M, SYKE, Wright, R., de Wit, H., Raddum, G.G., UNIFOB, and SjÃ¸eng, A.
Abstract
NIVA nr	OR-5310-2006
Download	5310_200dpi.pdf 5310-2006_72dpi.pdf

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Year	2006
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 1006
Authors	Raddum, G. (LFI, UiB), and Fjelheim, A. (LFI, UiB)
Abstract
NIVA nr	OR-5314
Download	5314_ICP Waters report 85-2006_72dpi.pdf 5314_ICP Waters report 85-2006_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2006
Title	Intercomparison 0620: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3+NO2, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	73 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0620, and 67 laboratories in 26 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 75 % of the overall results were considered as acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium and sulphate, with 88 and 89 % acceptable results, respectively. Lowest percentage of acceptable results was observed for the heavy metals, especially for lead, zinc and nickel, with 52, 61 and 63 % acceptable results. The main reason for these results is the low concentrations of these metals in the samples used. For alkalinity too, there were only 63 % acceptable results. Harmonization of the analytical methods used is necessary to improve the comparability for pH.
NIVA nr	OR-5285
Download	5285-HRH_72dpi.pdf 5285-HRH_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2006
Title	Proceedings of the 21th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Tallinn, Estonia, October 17-19, 2005
Authors	de Wit, H., and Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 21th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Tallinn, Estonia, October 17-19, 2005. Contributions on the following themes are presented: Estonian water quality and lake ecology, trends and status of S and N, biological response to recovery, heavy metals and POPs, ICP Waters and the EU Water Framework Directive. Reports and publications from the Programme are listed.
NIVA nr	OR-5204
Download	5204_72dpi.pdf 5204_200dpi.pdf

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Year	2006
Title	Critical Loads, Target Load Functions and Dynamic Modelling for Surface Waters and ICP Waters Sites
Authors	Wright, R., Cosby, B.J. (Univ. of Virginia), HÃ¸gåsen, T., Larssen, T., and Posch, M. (MNP, Netherlands)
Abstract	Critical load functions (CLF) for ICP Water sites estimated with the FAB model and based on recent data (2000-02) do not differ greatly from those based on earlier data (1992-94/5). The ICP Waters sites in Europe are largely characteristic of the most sensitive waters within the EMEP 50 km grid cell. Target load functions (TLF) require use of a dynamic model. For acidified waters the TLF for sulphur (Smax) is often lower than the CLF, because of time lags in the recovery of catchment soils in response to reduced S deposition. On the other hand the TLF for nitrogen (Nmax) is often higher than the CLF, because most catchments presently are not N-saturated and retain a large fraction of N-deposition. Scientific understanding of processes governing N-retention and loss from catchments remains insufficient and is the major source of uncertainty in modelling acidification of soils and waters. Climate change will also affect the uncertainty with respect to N.
NIVA nr	OR-5166
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Year	2005
Title	Concentrations and levels of POPs from long-range transboundary air pollution in freshwater fish and sediments
Authors	Fjeld, E., Le Gall, A.C. (INERIS), and Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	This report gives an overview of recently observed levels of selected POPs in freshwater fish and sediments from North America, Europe and circumpolar Arctic, related to long-range transport based on data from some central surveys. It is shown that there is a general lack of coordinated monitoring or regional surveys that focus on POPs in the freshwater environments for which LRTAP is a major source. Methodological differences in sampling, analytical methods and reporting makes comparison among results from the different projects very difficult. There are very few sites with trend data, but they generally show decreasing levels of legacy POPs. Levels of some new substances, such as brominated flame retardants (PBDE) and PFAS, are probably rising. There is an urgent need to establish systematic long-term monitoring of new POPs in background areas, and coordinated international surveys with harmonized methodology and reporting. This report also shows that multimedia models are tools that can be used for an initial screening of organic substances. Their results are robust and give reliable information on persistence, the potential for long range transport and partitioning between compartments.
NIVA nr	OR-5107
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Year	2005
Title	Intercomparison 0519: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3+NO2, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	79 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0519, and 75 laboratories in 30 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 73 % of the overall results were considered acceptable when the trace metals cadmium, lead and nickel was excluded from the evaluation. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium and sulphate, with 87 and 86 % acceptable results, respectively. Lowest percentage of acceptable results were observed for the heavy metals, especially for lead, cadmium and nickel. The main reason for this result was the very low concentrations of these metals in the samples used this time. Harmonization of the analytical methods used is necessary to improve the comparability for pH.
NIVA nr	OR-5068
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30	Back to the list
Year	2005
Title	Biological intercalibration: Invertebrates 0905
Authors	Raddum, G. (UiB)
Abstract	The 9th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP Waters programme had contribution from 4 laboratories. Most of the laboratories identified a high portion of the individuals in the test samples, usually > 90% of the total number of species, but shortcoming identifications below this limit were also noted. Misidentifications and low % identified were in general made on material coming from regions outside the home region of the laboratory. No faults were recorded on genus level. The quality was sufficient for stating the acidity index. Improvements in taxonomic work were tested among laboratories participating several times. First time participants had a significant lower mean Quality index than second, third or higher times participants.
NIVA nr	OR-5067
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Year	2005
Title	Proceedings of the 20th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Falun, Sweden, October 18-20, 2004
Authors	de Wit, H., and Skjelkvåle, B. L.
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 20th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Falun, Sweden, October 18-20, 2004.
NIVA nr	OR-5018
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32	Back to the list
Year	2004
Title	International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes. Intercomparison 0418: pH, Cond, HCO3 NO3+NO2, C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	68 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0418, and 63 laboratories in 27 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of 20 %, 77 % of the overall results were considered acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables copper, sodium and sulphate, with a percentage of acceptable results of 95, 87 and 86 %, respectively. Lowest percentage of acceptable results were observed for alkalinity, pH and manganese, where only 52, 57 and 59 % of the result pairs, respectively, were acceptable. Harmonization of the analytical methods used is necessary to improve the comparability for pH.
NIVA nr	OR-4875
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Year	2004
Title	Recovery from acidification of invertebrate fauna at ICP Water sites in Europe and North America
Authors
Abstract	The report presents update results for trends in biology after 2000. The results confirm the results from the ICP Waters report in 2000 and shows continued improvement in biological recovery from regions with new data. The recovery of sensitive fauna corresponds with the chemical recovery of lakes. The improvements is most pronounce in Scandinavia (Norway) and Canada. A beginning recovery is recorded in the Czech Republic, while unstable (not significant) improvements are recorded in Germany. The lagtime in recovery of different species/communities is evaluated to vary from a few to about 20 years, after reaching their critical limit.
NIVA nr	OR-4864
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Year	2004
Title	Proceedings of the 19th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Lugano, Switzerland, October 18-20,2003
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 19th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Lugano, Italy, October 18-20, 2003.
NIVA nr	OR-4858
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Year	2004
Title	Intercalibration: Invertebrate fauna 09/04
Authors	Raddum, G.
Abstract	The 8th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP Waters programme had contribution from 4 laboratories. All of the laboratories identifed a high portion of the individuals in the testsamples, usually >90% of the total number of species. The genus level was only used for juvenile larvae or larva that had lost important characters. The faults made were mostly on material coming from regions outside the region og the laboratory. This implies that some species could be new/unknown for the laboratory. The quality was sufficient for stating the acidity index, and for use in multivariate statistical analyses.
NIVA nr	OR-4863
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36	Back to the list
Year	2003
Title	International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes, Intercomparison 0317: pH, Cond, HCO3, NO3+NO2 C1, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	75 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0317, and 69 laboratories in 27 countries submitted results. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of Â± 20 %, 71 % of the overall results were considered acceptable. The best results were reported for the analytical variables sodium, sulfate and copper, with a percentage of acceptable results of 92, 83 and 83 %, respectively. Lowest percentage of acceptable results were observed for manganese, lead, and iron. Common for these analytical variables is their low concentrations being rather close to their detection limits. For pH and alkalinity only 57 % and 58 % of the result pairs, respectively, were acceptable based on a target accuracy of Â± 0.2 units. Harmonization of the analytical methods used is necessary to improve the comparability for pH.
NIVA nr	OR-4715
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Year	2003
Title	The 15-year report: Assessment and monitoring of surface waters in Europe and North America acidification and recovery, dynamic modelling and heavy metals
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	The main aim of the ICP Waters Programme is to assess, on a regional basis, the degree and geographical extent of the impact of atmospheric pollution, in particular acidification, on surface waters. Twenty-two countries in Europe and North America participate in the programme on a regular basis. This report contains i) results from trend analysis of 189 ICP Waters sites in Europe and North America ii) an evaluation of biological response to reduced surface water acidification iii) a review of possibilities and limitations of dynamic modelling of surface waters and iv) an assessment of heavy metals in surface waters. International co-operative work to abate acidification has so far been very successful, but there is still a long way to go, and many potential set-backs. It is essential that future development of water chemistry and aquatic biota in acidified water bodies continue to be monitored in relation to further emission reductions of S and N and future effects of climate.
NIVA nr	OR-4716
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Year	2003
Title	Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Moscow, October 7-9, 2002
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	Proceedings of presentations of national activities to the 18th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Moscow, October 7-9, 2002.
NIVA nr	OR-4658
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Year	2003
Title	Intercalibration: Invertebrate fauna 0307
Authors	Raddum, G. (UiBergen)
Abstract	The 7th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP-Water programme had contribution from 6 laboratories. All of the laboratories identified a high portion of the individuals in the test samples, usually Â³ 90% of the total number of species. One laboratory, however, stopped mostly at the genus level for stoneflies. Short-coming identifications were consequently high in that case. Of the identified species only few faults were made and the results were regarded generally as very good and well within the limit of good identification proposed for intercalibration of biological material. No faults were made on the genus level. The quality was sufficient for stating the acidity index, and in most cases sufficient for multivariate statistical analyses. One problem during the tests is damages of the material during preparation and handling of the individuals. This seems to be the reason for short coming identification in most cases.
NIVA nr	OR-4659
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Year	2002
Title	Dynamic Modelling of Surface Waters: Impact of emission reduction - possibilities and limitations
Authors
Abstract	Dynamic models provide an extension to critical loads by predicting the timescale of chemical recovery to emission reductions. They can also be used to determine the deposition levels required to achieve a prescribed target chemistry within a given timescale and so have direct utility in the formulation of further emission reductions. The MAGIC model has been tested extensively against long-term diatom reconstructions, experimental manipulation experiments and long-term chemistry observations and has in all cases been found to successfully capture the dynamics of chemical change. This also provides confidence in the predictions from the model. Methods for summarising regional model predictions are summarised and a methodology for the derivation of 'target' loads is proposed for use within the Convention. Requirements for further research, including model uncertainty and the link between surface water chemistry and biological receptors, are outlined.
NIVA nr	OR-4598
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Year	2002
Title	Workshop on Models for Biological Recovery from Acidification in a Changing Climate 9-11 September 2002 in Grimstad, Norway Workshop report
Authors	Wright, R. Lie, M.C.
Abstract	An international expert workshop on models for biological recovery from acidification in surface waters was held September 2002 in Grimstad, Norway. Presentations and discussion at the workshop encompassed philosophical considerations, empirical data, the importance of reference conditions, the confounding factors presented by climate change, and possible ways forward to development of dynamic biological response models.
NIVA nr	OR-4589
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Year	2002
Title	Proceedings from the Workshop on Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd and Hg) in Surface Waters Monitoring and Biological Impact. March 18 - 20, 2002, Lillehammer, Norway
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., and Ulstein, M.J.
Abstract	This report contains the proceedings from the Workshop on Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd and Hg) in Surface Waters Monitoring and Biological Impact. March 18-20, 2002, Lillehammer, Norway.
NIVA nr	OR-4563
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43	Back to the list
Year	2002
Title	Tracing recovery from acidification - a multivariate approach
Authors	Halvorsen, G. (LFI, UiB), Heegaard, E. (UiB), and Raddum, G. (UiB)
Abstract	This report presents a method based on use of multivariate statistics to detect trends in aqutic biota as a results of chemical recovery from acidification. Three datasets from Norway, Sweden and UK are used in the work. The result shows that the method can trace signals of recovery in the benthic community in lakes and rivers that are recovering chemically. This includes localities that are recovering, but still are in a very acidic state. It also includes localities where acidification has been slight, and the recovery has occurred over a pH gradient where the lake or river would be classified as not acidified.
NIVA nr	OR-4564
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Year	2002
Title	Intercalibration 0206: Invertebrate fauna
Authors	Raddum, G. (UiB)
Abstract	The 6th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP-Water programme had contribution from 6 laboratories. All of the laboratories identified a high portion of the individuals in the testsamples, usually >90% of the total number of species. Short-coming identification were consequently low. Of the identified species only few faults were made and the results were regarded generally as very good and well within the limit of good identification proposed for intercalibration of biological material. The result was suffcient both for stating the acidity index, and for multivariate statistical analyses. Discrepancies between the number of larvae put into the test samples and recorded number demonstrate that contamination of larvae occur either at the laboratory making the samples or at the participating laboratory.
NIVA nr	OR-4494
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Year	2001
Title	Assessment of Trends and Leaching of Nitrogen at ICP Waters Sites (Europe and North America)
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., and Krzysztof, Olendrzynski EMEP MSC-W, Norway Stoddard, John, ICP Waters, EPA, Oregon Tarrason, Leonor, EMEP MSC-W Traaen, T.S. TÃ¸rseth, Kjetil, NILU Windjusveen, Sofia, EMEP MSC-W Wright, R.
Abstract	The ICP Waters database currently holds data for 204 sites in Europe and North America. These data were evaluated with respect to nitrate concentrations. About 50% of the sites currently have nitrate concentrations indicative of nitrogen saturation, that is, elevated level of nitrate above that expected in undisturbed systems not receiving significant amounts of N deposition. The relative importance of nitrate as an acid anion has increased at the ICP sites since the early 1990s, mostly due to the decrease in sulphate. The data indicate no major change in N saturation at the ICP sites during the 1990s, indicating that progression to increased N saturation is a slow process with a time scale of decades. There is no consistent pattern of trends in nitrate in the ICP waters sites. The overall lack of significant trends may be the result of 2 opposing factors (Wright et al. 2001) continued high deposition of nitrogen should tend to increase N saturation and give increased nitrate in runoff, whereas the decline in N deposition over the past 5-10 years in large parts of Europe should give decreased nitrate in runoff. Short and long-term variations in climate affect nitrate in streamwater, and thus contribute "noise" which masks long-term trends.
NIVA nr	OR-4383
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Year	2001
Title	National presentations from the 16th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Riga Latvia, October 18-20, 2000
Authors	Lyulko, Iraida, Latvia Berg, Polina, Latvia, and Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	Reports of national monitoring activities and results from Latvia, Switzerland and UK presented at the 16th meeting of the ICP Waters Programme Task Force in Riga, Latvia, October 18-20, 2000
NIVA nr	OR-4411
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Year	2001
Title	Intercomparison 0115 of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	77 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0115, and 72 laboratories in 26 countries submitted results. Three sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, one for organic matter and aluminium fractions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of Â± 20 %, 71 % of the results were considered acceptable. 93 % of the result pairs were acceptable for sodium and 85 % for potassium. For pH only 58 % of the result pairs were acceptable in relation to the extended target accuracy of Â± 0.2 units. Normalization of the analytical methods used is necessary to improve the comparability for pH. For the aluminium fractions it was decided not to evaluate the reported results, because of the great spread of the results in combination with very few results for this analytical variable in the samples C and D. Determination of heavy metals was included in the intercomparison for the second time, with fairly good results for copper and nickel. For iron, lead, and zinc the fraction of acceptable result pairs were 41 - 53 %, this low acceptance may be due to the low concentrations used for these metals. For the heavy metals it should be discussed whether an absolute acceptance limit should be used instead of the general target of Â± 20 % when the concentrations are close to the detection limit of the recommended method.
NIVA nr	OR-4416
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48	Back to the list
Year	2001
Title	Intercalibration 0005: Invertebrate fauna
Authors	Raddum, G. (UiB)
Abstract	The 5th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP Waters programme had contribution from 6 laboratories. Three of the laboratories delivered a pool of biological material from their home region as source material for the test samples. The other three got test samples based on the Norwegian fauna. 5 of the laboratories identified a high portion, usually >90% of total number of species in the test samples. Short-coming identifications were consequently relatively low. Of the identified species only few faults were made and the results were regarded as good and within the range of good identification proposed for intercalibration of biological material. One laboratory identifying matrial from Norway, determined a lower portion of the species than proposed for biological material and did also more misidentifications. However, the result was sufficient for establishing the acidity index, but probably not for multivariate statistical analyses.
NIVA nr	OR-4384
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Year	2001
Title	Effects of year-to-year variations in climate on trends in acidification
Authors	Wright, R.
Abstract	Climatic variations potentially mask long-term trends in acidification of surface waters. High inputs of seasalts due to severe storms can cause temporary decreases in ANC. Temperature and moisture may affect nitrate leaching. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon are also potentially related to climate. The North Atlantic Oscillation provides a general index of climatic conditions in northwestern Europe. Although variations in the NAO index can account for some of the observed trends in surface water chemistry at sites in the UK, it does not appear to be a good explanatory factor for sites in Norway. More research is necessary to discover which climatic factors best explain natural variations in surface waters.
NIVA nr	OR-4328
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50	Back to the list
Year	2000
Title	Trends in intercomparisons 8701 - 9812: pH, cond, NO3Â¯+NO2Â¯, ClÂ¯, SO4Â¯, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Al
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	Intercomparison tests connected to the International Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Assessment of Acidfication of Rivers and Lakes, have been organizsed every year since 1987 by the Programme Centre at Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Sixteen laboratories have participated in six more intercomparisons. These laboratories were selected for evaluation of possible trends in their performance based on the intercomparison results reported. No clear performance trend for this group of laboratories can be found. A probable reason for this may be that nearly all of these laboratories have been well established for many years, and thus the participation in intercomparisons will have only minor effects on their analytical quality. However, some laboratories show systematically positive or negative deviations from the target value, and should improve the methods used. Others show random deviations from the target value and should improve the internal control routines. During the twelve year period acceptable results have been reported for conductivity from 8 laboratories, nitrate + nitrite from 3, chloride from 6, sulfate from 8, calcium from 10, magnesium from 11, sodium from 2, and potassium from 4 laboratories.
NIVA nr	OR-4285
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Year	2000
Title	Intercomparison 0014 of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	71 laboratories received samples for the intercomparison 0014, and 65 laboratories in 26 countries submitted results. Three sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions, one for organic matter and aluminium fractions, and one for heavy metals. Based on the general target accuracy of Â± 20%, 63% of the results were considered acceptable. About 90% of the results pairs were acceptable for sodium and dissolved organic carbon. For pH only 57% of the result pairs were acceptable i relation to the extended target accuracy of Â± 0.2 units. For nitrate + nitrite it was decided not to evaluate the reported results, because of the instability of this analytical variable in the samples A and B. Determination of heavy metals was included in the intercomparison for the first time, with fairly good results for iron and manganese. For lead, nickel and zinc where less than 50% of the results were acceptable, may be due to the low concentrations used for these metals. Normalization of the analytical methods used is necessary to improve the comparability for pH. For the heavy metals it should be discussed whether an absolute acceptance limit should be used instead of the general target of Â± 20% when the concentrations are close to the detection limit of the recommended method.
NIVA nr	OR-4281
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Year	2000
Title	The 12-year report: Acidification of Surface Water in Europe and North America Trends, biological recovery and heavy metals
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., Andersen, T., Halvorsen, G.A. (University of Bergen, Norway), Raddum, G. (University og Bergen, Norway), Heegaard, E. (University of Bergen, Norway), and Stoddard, J. (EPA, Oregon, USA) Wright, R.
Abstract	The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP Waters) is designed to assess the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters, evaluate dose/response relationships and long-term trends in aquatic chemistry and biota. The aim of the 12-year report is to provide an overall synthesis and assessment of information on water chemistry and biology accumulated in the ICP Waters Programme within the last 3 years (1996-98) related to previous findings. The report includes an evaluation of the ICP Waters database and the representativeness of ICP Waters sites, long-term trends in water chemistry at the single ICP sites and on regional scales, characterisation of invertebrates on a regional scale and an assessment of heavy metals. The current ICP Waters database includes only active sites well suited to monitor changes in acidification in response to changes in acid deposition. In the 10-year periode 1989-1998, sulphate concentrations showed significant downward trends while nitrate concentrations showed no regional patterns of change. pH and ANC and also DOC have increased in most regions during the past 10 years. Biological response, reflecting improved water quality, is positive for sites in Scandinavia. In the most acidified sites in Central Europe improvements in water quality have not reached the level at which effects on biology can be detected. Concentrations of heavy metals are generally low in ICP Waters sites not influenced by local pollution sources.
NIVA nr	OR-4208
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53	Back to the list
Year	1999
Title	Workshop on biological assessment and monitoring evaluation and models
Authors	Raddum, G., Rosseland, B.O., and Bowman, J.
Abstract	The report presents the papers and conclusions from the "Workshop on biological assessment and monitoring evaluation and models", arranged by the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP Waters) and the International Cooperative programme on Integrated Monitoring (ICP IM). The workshop was held in October 1998 in Zakopane, Poland. The workshop agreed upon the necessity of combining physico-chemical and biological monitoring. The importance of sampling at fixed locations and at fixed times were stressed, thereby minimising "noise" in the database. The biological monitoring should include examination of all aspects of the biota and their interactions, but it is clear that a very good indication of the detrimental ecological effects, due to acidification, is obtained from studying the macroinvertebrate communities and fish in the context of critical loads. The biological monitoring should continue with the invertebrate studies. The importance of including fish was emphasised, using methods of testfishing, ecotoxicology and bio-accumulation of heavy metals and POPs. In addition, the benefits of using other elements of the biota such as diatoms, other algae and zooplankton were shown, as was the importance of food chain effects, illustrated by the work on waterbirds in Canada. The need for more work to be done in assessing the critical loads for differnt regions (within a variety of water qualities) was highlighted.
NIVA nr	OR-4091
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Year	1999
Title	Intercomparison 9913 of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	57 laboratories in 24 countries participated in intercomparison 9913. Two sample sets were used, one for the determination of major ions and one for organic matter and aluminium fractions. Based on the general target accuracy of Â± 20 %, 78 % of the results were acceptable. More than 80 % of the result pairs were acceptable for conductivity, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, sodium, and dissolved organic carbon. For pH only 57 % of the result pairs were acceptable in relation to the extended target accuracy of Â± 0.2 units. For three analytical variables it was decided not to evaluate the reported results, reactive and non-labile aluminium because of the great spread between the results from the few participants, and nitrate + nitrite because of the instability of sample A. Normalization of the methods is necessary to improve the comparability for pH and aluminium fractions. Manual methods are generally less sensitive compared to instrumental methods, and are not always suitable for acid rain monitoring.
NIVA nr	OR-4093
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55	Back to the list
Year	1998
Title	Intercomparison 9812. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	43 laboratories in 20 countries participated in intercomparison 9812. One sample set for the determination of major ions, organic matter and aluminium fractions, were used. Based on the general target accuracy of * 20 %, 74 % of the results were acceptable. More than 80 % of the result pairs were acceptable for conductivity, nitrate + nitrite, sulfate, sodium, and dissolved organic carbon. For pH only 55 % of the result pairs were acceptable in relation to the extended target accuracy of * 0.2 units. For two analytical variables, reactive and non-labile aluminium, it was decided not to evaluate the reported results, because of the great spread between the results from the few participants. Normalization of the methods is necessary to improve the comparability for these variables. Manual methods are generally less sensitive compared to instrumental methods, and are not always suitable for acid rain monitoring.
NIVA nr	OR-3939
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56	Back to the list
Year	1998
Title	Summary of The Nine Year Report from the ICP-Waters Programme
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., and Ulstein, M.J.
Abstract	The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP-Waters) is designed to assess the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. During the last ten years international emission reduction measures in Europe and North America have resulted in a decrease in atmospheric sulphur depositon of up to 50%. Nitrogen deposition has stayed almost constant. Results from The Nine Year Report (LÃ¼kewille et al. 1997) show that trends in water chemistry indicate that sulphate concentrations are decreasing at almost all ICP-Waters sites, and in almost all cases the decreases in the 1990s are larger than in the 1980s. This is partly also reflected in a recovery of the invertebrate fauna at many sites. Decreasing sulphate concentrations emphasise the importance of nitrate as the second important acidifying anion.
NIVA nr	OR-3879
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Year	1998
Title	Critical loads and their exceedances for ICP-Waters sites
Authors	Henriksen, A., Maximilian, P., and (Coordination Center for Effects)
Abstract	The International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP Waters) is designed to assess, on a regional basis, the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. We report here an assessment of critical loads and their exceedances of sulphur and nitrogen acidity for the 92 ICP-sites (72 in Europe and 20 in North America). At 46% of the European sites the critical loads of acidity are less than 50 meq/mÂ²/yr, and 68% of the sites have critical loads less than 100 meq/mÂ²/yr. The corresponding figures for the North American sites are 40 and 75%, respectively. Comparing the critical loads with the nitrogen and sulphur depositions in 1990, the current reduction plans (CRP) and maximum feasible reductions (MFR) scenarios in 2010, it was found that of the 72 European sites 51 were exceeded in 1990, 32 will still be exceeded in 2010 under the current reduction plans, and only two at maximum feasible reductions. Apparently, the sensitivity of surface waters to acidification in parts of Europe has not received proper attention.
NIVA nr	OR-3821
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Year	1998
Title	Intercalibration 9804: Invertebrate fauna
Authors	Raddum, G.
Abstract	The 4th intercalibration of invertebrates in the ICP-Water programme had contribution from 6 laboratories. 5 of the laboratories identified a high portion (>85%) of the total number of species in the test samples. Short-coming identification was consequently relatively low. Of the identified species only few falts were made. The results for these laboratories were therefore regarded as good and well within the limit of good identification proposed for intercalibration of biological material. Due to lack of identification literature, one laboratory showed very low identification and also to some extent higher misidentifications both on species and genus level for some invertebrate groups. However, for other groups the laboratory had relevant literature and in these cases the faults were within the limits for what is acceptable. Faults resulting in a wrong acidification index, was not recorded in 1997/98. The results of the biological intercalibration in 1997/98 are the best of all tests performed so far.
NIVA nr	OR-3912
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Year	1997
Title	Intercomparison 9711. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	47 laboratories in 22 countries participated in intercomparison 9711. One sample set for the determination of major ions, organic matter and aluminium fractions, were used. Based on the general target accuracy of + 20%, 78% of the results were acceptable. More than 80% of the result pairs were acceptable for chloride, sulfate, calcium, mangnesium, sodium, dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand. For pH only 43% of the result pairs were acceptable in relation to the extended target accuracy of + 0.2 units. For three analytical variables, nitrate + nitrite, reactive and non-labile aluminium, it was decided not to evaluate the reported results, because of the extreme spread between the results from the partcipants. Normalization of the methods is necessary to improve the comparability for these variables. Manual methods are generally less sesitive compared to instrumental methods, and are not always suitable for acid rain monitoring.
NIVA nr	OR-3716
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Year	1997
Title	The Nine year report: Acidification of surface water in Europe and North America. Long-term Developements (1980s and 1990s)
Authors	LÃ¼kewille, A., Jeffries, D. (Nat.Wat.Res.Inst.,C) Johannessen, M., Raddum, G. (UiB), Stoddard, J. (EPA), and Traaen, T.
Abstract	The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP Waters) is designed to assess the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. During the last ten years international emission reduction measures in Europe and Northe America have resulted in a decrease in atmospheric sulphur deposition of up to 50%. Nitrogen deposition has stayed almost constant. Trends in surface water chemistry at the ICP Waters sites were calculated by applying the Nonparametric Seasonal Kendal Test and, on a regional scale, by Trend Meta-Analyses. Empirical relationships between nitrogen deposition and stages of nitrogen saturation were used to assess the importance of nitrogen leaching at the sites. To show effects of acidification on aquatic fauna (geographic extent and long-term trends) presence/absence studies, acidification indexes and correlation analysis were used. Trends in water chemistry indicate that sulphate concentrations are decreasing at almost all ICP Waters sites, and in almost all cases the decreases in the 1990s are larger than in the 1980s. This is partly also reflected in a recovery of the invertebrate fauna at many sites. Decreasing sulphate concentrations emphasize the importance of nitrate as the second important acidifying anion. Besides nitrogen deposition, the overall nitrogen status of ecosystems, changes in climate extremes and hydrology can have strong influences on leaching of excess nitrate (and ammonium) from a watershed.
NIVA nr	OR-3637
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Year	1996
Title	Intercomparison 9610, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	36 laboratories in 21 countries participated in intercomparison 9610. Two sample sets, one for the major ions and one for organic matter and aluminium fractions, were used. Based on the general target accuracy of + 20%, 70% of the results were acceptable. More than 80% of the result pairs were acceptable for conductivity, nitrate+nitrite, calcium, sodium and dissolved organic carbon. For pH only 55% of the result pairs were acceptable in relation to the extended target accuracy of + 0.2 units. For three analytical variables: alkalinity, reactive and non-labile aluminium, it was decided not to evaluate the reported results, because of the extreme spread of the results between the participants. Normalization of the methods is necessary to improve the comparability for these variables. High concentration of organic anions in sample. A revealed that some laboratories are using methods influenced by interferences, especially for the determination of alkalinity and chloride. Manual methods are generally less sensitive compared to instrumental methods.
NIVA nr	OR-3550
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Year	1996
Title	International cooperative programme on assessment and monitoring of acidification of rivers and lakes
Authors	Johannessen, M., Rosseland, B.O., Bowman, J.F., Martin Jeffries,, Dean Massabuau, Jean-Charles SchnelbÃ´gl, Gabrielle Stoddard, John L Wilander, A., Raddum, G., and Rask, M.
Abstract	This manual is a revised version of the ICP Waters "Manual for Chemical and Biological Monitoring," March 1987 and "Amendment to the Manual for Chemical and Biological Monitoring," June 1992
NIVA nr	OR-3547
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Year	1995
Title	Intercomparison 9509. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate +/- nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	46 laboratories in 21 countries participated in intercomparison 9509. Two sample sets, one for the major ions and one for organic matter and aluminium fractions, were used. Based on the general target accuracy of + 20 %, 72 % of the results were acceptable. For pH, less than 50 % of the result pairs were acceptable in relation to a target accuracy of + 0.1 units, and 73 % in relation to the extended target accuracy of + 0.2 units. For three analytical variables: alkalinity, reactive and non-labile aluminium, it was decided not to evaluate the reported results because of the extreme spread of the results between the participants. In the future a sample set with more suitable concentration for alkalinity has to be ussed. To improve the comparability for the determination of aluminium fractions, it is necessary to normalize the analytical method to be used. Manual methods are generally less sensitivecompared to instrumental methods, and may be less suited for typical acid precipitation samples.
NIVA nr	OR-3331
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Year	1995
Title	An Assessment of Nitrogen Leaching from Watersheds included in ICP on Waters
Authors	Traaen, T., and Stoddard, J. L. (ManTech)
Abstract	The importance of nitrate in acidification has been evaluated for 163 sites uncluded in ICP on Waters in 13 countries in Europe and North America. At 63 % of these sites yearly average nitrate concentrations amounted to more than 10 % of the acid non-marine acid anions. This shows that nitrate leakage contributes significantly to acidification at a majority of the ICP sites. High leakage of nitrogen occur only at sites with high nitrogen concentrations in precipitation and high total deposition of nitrogen (wet+dry). 144 ICP sites were classified according to Stoddard's system for stages of nitrogen saturation. Approximately one half of the sites had a high degree of nitorgen saturation (Stage 2 or 3). There was a clear coherence between stage classification and total N deposition
NIVA nr	OR-3201
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Year	1994
Title	Intercomparison 9408. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand.
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	26 laboratories in 17 countries participated in intercomparison 9408. Based on the general target accuracy of +-20%, 81% of the results were acceptable. However, for pH only 54% and 59% of the result pairs in the two sample sets were acceptable in relation to the extended target accuracy of +-0.2 units. A total error of +-0.2 units for accuracy of +-0.2 units. A total error of +-0.2 units for pH measurements seems to be reasonable assessment of the accuracy between laboratories. 23 laboratories determined the analytical variables in both the low concentration samples only, and one laboratory analyzed the high concentration samples only. The part of acceptable results are approximately the same for both sample pairs.
NIVA nr	OR-3142
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Year	1994
Title	The six year report: Acidification of surface water in Europe and North America. Dose/respons relationships and longterm trends.
Authors	Skjelkvåle, B.L., Newell, A.D. (ManTec,Oregon,USA) Raddum, G. (UiB), Johannessen, M., Hovind, H., Tjomsland, T., and Wathne, B.
Abstract	The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes is designed to: (1) establish degree and extent of acidification of surface waters, (2) evaluate dose/response relationships and (3) define long-term trends and variations in aquatic chemistry and biota attributable to atmospheric pollution. Data from 200 sites in 14 countries of Europe and North America are available in the database at Niva. Dose/response relationships show that the fauna are adapted to drifferent water qualities in different regions, and that critical limits for the fauna must be calculated according to data for the specific region. Long-term trends of water chemistry show decreases in SO4Â²- and CaÂ²+ at many sites. Nitrate shows no consistent trends.
NIVA nr	OR-3041
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Year	1993
Title	Intercalibration of Invertebrate Fauna. 9301
Authors	Raddum, G.
Abstract	Eleven laboratories in seven countries participated in the first intercalibration on the invertebrate fauna. Compared with general accuracies of 20% the identification of the fauna was very good. For the whole material the mean fault percent was 4, but misidentifications in different groups could be higher. The quality of the identifications fulfil the demands for estimating the acidification index.
NIVA nr	OR-2952
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Year	1993
Title	Intercalibration 9307. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrate + nitrite, chloride, sulfatw, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total aluminium, reactive and non-labile aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand
Authors
Abstract	26 laboratories in 19 countries participated in intercalibration 9307. Based on the general target accuracy of +29%, 81% of the results were accceptable. However, for pH only 52% of the result pairs were acceeptable in relation to the target accuracy of +0.1 units. A total error of +0.2 units seems to be a reasonable assessment of the accuracy between laboratories.
NIVA nr	OR-2948
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Year	1992
Title	Intercalibration 9206. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrat + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminium and dissolved organic carbon.
Authors
Abstract	23 laboratories in 18 countries participated in intercalibration 9206. Based on the general target accuracy of Â± 20 %, about 80 - 90 % of the results were acceptable for the main components. However, for pH only 30 and 70 % of the result pairs in the two sample sets were acceptable in relation to the target accuracy of Â± 0,1 units. Supersaturation with carbondioxide is probably the reason why we observe reduced quality of pH data in circumnneutral samples.
NIVA nr	OR-2784
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Year	1991
Title	Intercalibration 9105. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, nitrat + nitrite, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total organic carbon
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	21 laboratories in 15 countries participated in intercalibration 9105. Basedon the general target accuracy of +/- 20 %, 90 - 100 % of the results were acceptable for all the main components, only 0-2 result pairs lying outside the accuracy limit. Most results are even lying within much narrower limits. For pH only 35 % of the result pairs were acceptable in relation observed for pH are caused by systematic errors.
NIVA nr	OR-2591
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Year	1990
Title	Intercalibration 9004. pH and alkalinity
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	Eleven laboratories in ten countries participated in intercalibration 9004, especially designed for testing of pH and alkalinity determination. The estimate of a total error of +/- 0.2 pH units seems to be a reasonable assessment of the accuracy of routine determination of pH. Measurement without stirring the solution is recommended. Regarding the determination of alkalinity, the Gran plot titration method is strongly recommended.
NIVA nr	OR-2465
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Year	1990
Title	Overview of areas sensitive to acidification: Europe
Authors	Wright, R., and Skjelkvåle, B.L.
Abstract	We present here an overview of the geographical extent of areas in Europe sensitive to acidification due to acid deposition. Information on water sensitivity comes from a variety of detailed national maps of water chemistry, soil type and bedrock geology. The resulting sensitivity map serves as a basis for the choice of catchments in the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification in Rivers and Lakes.
NIVA nr	OR-2405
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Year	1989
Title	Intercalibrition 8903. Dissolved organic carbon, and aluminium fractiond
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	Ten laboratories in ten countries participated in the third intercalibration, 8903. Based on the general target accuracies of +/- 20%, all the results were acceptable for dissolved organic carbon. Acceptable results for the aluminium fractions are varying from 50 to 75%. Differences in the methods used by the participating laboratories, are obviously the main reason for the great deviations between their results. To obtain comparable results for aluminium fractions, exactly the same method must be used by every laboratory.
NIVA nr	OR-2238
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Year	1988
Title	Intercalibration 8802
Authors	Hovind, H.
Abstract	Ten laboratories in nine countries participated in the second intercalibration, 8802. Based on the general target accuracies of 20%, all the results were acceptable for conductivity, nitrate, sulfate and sodium. For chloride, calcium, magnesium and potassium, one or two laboratories have reported results outside the general limit. Better comparability is necessary for pH and alkalinity.
NIVA nr	OR-2153
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