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Here you find all scientific papers published under the umbrella of ICP Waters. Click on the publication number to read the abstract.
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1
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2007 |
Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry |
Monteith, D. T., Stoddard, J. L., Evans, C. D., de Wit, H. A., Forsius, M., Hogasen, T., Wilander, A., Skjelkvale, B. L., Jeffries, D. S., Vuorenmaa, J., Keller, B., Kopacek, J., and Vesely, J. |
Nature 450
:537-U9 |
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2
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2005 |
Regional scale evidence for improvements in surface water chemistry 1990-2001 |
Skjelkvale, B. L., Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Torseth, K., Hogasen, T., Bowman, J., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Mosello, R., Rogora, M., Rzychon, D., Vesely, J., Wieting, J., Wilander, A., and Worsztynowicz, A. |
Environmental Pollution 137
:165-176 |
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3
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2001 |
Assessment of nitrogen leaching ICP-Waters sites (Europe and North America) |
Stoddard, J. L., Traaen, T. S., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 130
:781-786 |
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4
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2001 |
Trends in surface water acidification in Europe and North America (1989-1998) |
Skjelkvale, B. L., Stoddard, J. L., and Andersen, T. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 130
:787-792 |
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5
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2001 |
Critical limit of acidifying compounds to invertebrates in different regions of Europe |
Raddum, G. G., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 130
:825-830 |
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6
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2001 |
ICP Waters - An international programme for surface water monitoring |
Kvaeven, B., Ulstein, M. J., Skjelkvale, B. L., Raddum, G. G., and Hovind, H. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 130
:775-780 |
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7
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2001 |
Coordinated effects monitoring and modelling for developing and supporting international air pollution control agreements |
Bull, K. R., Achermann, B., Bashkin, V., Chrast, R., Fenech, G., Forsius, M., Gregor, H. D., Guardans, R., Haussmann, T., Hayes, F., Hettelingh, J. P., Johannessen, T., Krzyzanowski, M., Kucera, V., Kvaeven, B., Lorenz, M., Lundin, L., Mills, G., Posch, M., Skjelkvale, B. L., and Ulstein, M. J. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 130
:119-130 |
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8
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1999 |
Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe |
Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lukewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellogg, J. H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S., Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvale, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., van Dam, H., Webster, K. E., Wieting, J., and Wilander, A. |
Nature 401
:575-578 |
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9
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1997 |
Acidification trends in surface waters in the international program on acidification of rivers and lakes |
Newell, A. D., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 93
:27-57 |
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10
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1995 |
Critical limbs of acidification to invertebrates in different regions of Europe |
Raddum, G. G., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
Water Air And Soil Pollution 85
:475-480 |
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1 |
Back to the list
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| Year |
2007 |
| Title |
Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry |
| Authors |
Monteith, D. T., Stoddard, J. L., Evans, C. D., de Wit, H. A., Forsius, M., Hogasen, T., Wilander, A., Skjelkvale, B. L., Jeffries, D. S., Vuorenmaa, J., Keller, B., Kopacek, J., and Vesely, J. |
| Keywords |
Nitrogen deposition, humic substances, forest, export, soils, finland, climate, sulfate, streams, and matter |
| Abstract |
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain recent, widespread increases in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface waters of glaciated landscapes across eastern North America and northern and central Europe(1-3). Some invoke anthropogenic forcing through mechanisms related to climate change(3-5), nitrogen deposition(6) or changes in land use(7), and by implication suggest that current concentrations and fluxes are without precedent. All of these hypotheses imply that DOC levels will continue to rise, with unpredictable consequences for the global carbon cycle. Alternatively, it has been proposed that DOC concentrations are returning toward pre-industrial levels as a result of a gradual decline in the sulphate content of atmospheric deposition(8-10). Here we show, through the assessment of time series data from 522 remote lakes and streams in North America and northern Europe, that rising trends in DOC between 1990 and 2004 can be concisely explained by a simple model based solely on changes in deposition chemistry and catchment acid-sensitivity. We demonstrate that DOC concentrations have increased in proportion to the rates at which atmospherically deposited anthropogenic sulphur and sea salt have declined. We conclude that acid deposition to these ecosystems has been partially buffered by changes in organic acidity and that the rise in DOC is integral to recovery from acidification. Over recent decades, deposition-driven increases in organic matter solubility may have increased the export of DOC to the oceans, a potentially important component of regional carbon balances(11). The increase in DOC concentrations in these regions appears unrelated to other climatic factors. |
| Accession |
ISI:000251158500044 |
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2 |
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| Year |
2005 |
| Title |
Regional scale evidence for improvements in surface water chemistry 1990-2001 |
| Authors |
Skjelkvale, B. L., Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Torseth, K., Hogasen, T., Bowman, J., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Mosello, R., Rogora, M., Rzychon, D., Vesely, J., Wieting, J., Wilander, A., and Worsztynowicz, A. |
| Keywords |
acidification, deposition, trends, ICP waters, sulphate, nitrate, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon, Atmospheric deposition, nitrogen deposition, acidic deposition, organic-carbon, north-america, terrestrial export, stream chemistry, climate-change, united-states, and lake survey |
| Abstract |
The main aim of the international UNECE monitoring program ICP Waters under the Convention of Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is to assess, on a regional basis, the degree and geographical extent of the impact of atmospheric pollution, in particular acidification, on surface waters. Regional trends are calculated for 12 geographical regions in Europe and North America, comprising 189 surface waters sites. From 1990-2001 sulphate concentrations decreased in all but one of the investigated regions. Nitrate increased in only one region, and decreased in three North American regions. Improvements in alkalinity and pH are widely observed. Results from the ICP Waters programme clearly show widespread improvement in surface water acid-base chemistry, in response to emissions controls programs and decreasing acidic deposition. Limited site-specific biological data suggest that continued improvement in the chemical status of acid-sensitive lakes and streams will lead to biological recovery in the future. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
| Accession |
ISI:000230186500013 |
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3 |
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| Year |
2001 |
| Title |
Assessment of nitrogen leaching ICP-Waters sites (Europe and North America) |
| Authors |
Stoddard, J. L., Traaen, T. S., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
| Keywords |
nitrogen saturation, surface water, regional assessment, and ICP-Waters |
| Abstract |
The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP-Waters) is designed to assess the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. During the last 20 years, international emission reduction measures in Europe and North America have resulted in a decrease in atmospheric S-deposition of up to 50%, while N-deposition has stayed almost constant. Empirical relationships between N-deposition and stages of nitrogen saturation are used to assess the importance of nitrogen leaching at the ICP-Waters sites in Europe and North America. There is a clear coherence between high N saturation stages and high N deposition loads and more than 50% of the analysed ICP Waters sites show a high degree of nitrogen saturation, defined as stages 2 or 3 in Stoddard's classification system. Significant leaching of inorganic N also occurs at most sites with deposition greater than 10 kg/ha/yr. |
| Accession |
ISI:000172011900101 |
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4 |
Back to the list
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| Year |
2001 |
| Title |
Trends in surface water acidification in Europe and North America (1989-1998) |
| Authors |
Skjelkvale, B. L., Stoddard, J. L., and Andersen, T. |
| Keywords |
recovery, water chemistry, long-term trends, acidification, Northeastern us, recovery, and quality |
| Abstract |
During the last 20 years, emission reductions in Europe and North America have resulted in decreased atmospheric S-deposition of up to 50%, while N-deposition has stayed almost constant. Data from 98 ICP Waters sites were tested for trends in concentrations of major chemical components for the 10-year period 1989-1998 using the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test. The sites were grouped into regions and types for meta-analysis. All of the regions had highly significant downward trends in SO42-* concentrations. Nitrate concentrations, on the other hand: show no regional patterns of change. Concentrations of base cations declined in most regions. All regions showed tendencies of increasing DOC. The low ANC sites showed the largest rates of recovery. Neither the high NO3- or low NO3- groups of sites exhibited significant trends in NO3- concentrations. Alpine (non-forested) sites show clear and consistent signals of recovery in ANC and pH, and appropriate (relative to SO42-* trends) rates of base cation decline. |
| Accession |
ISI:000172011900102 |
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5 |
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| Year |
2001 |
| Title |
Critical limit of acidifying compounds to invertebrates in different regions of Europe |
| Authors |
Raddum, G. G., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
| Keywords |
critical limit, regions, international monitoring, acidification index, invertebrates, Acid, streams, and lakes |
| Abstract |
The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP Waters) was established in July 1985 under the Executive Body of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The main aim of the Programme is to assess, on a regional basis, the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. Dose/response relationship of acid deposition to aquatic invertebrates is discussed for different regions of Europe. The bases for the study are the occurrence of the most sensitive species in their geographical areas. Critical limit will vary depending on definition of acceptable damage level. To minimise this discussion we have used the presence of the most sensitive species for defining the critical limit. The study shows that critical limit of acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) vary depending on the typical fauna of sensitive species and their adaptations to the native water chemistry. In areas with different composition of sensitive species, different critical limit is suggested, varying from ANC < 20 <mu>eq/L to ANC >50 mu eq/L. |
| Accession |
ISI:000172011900108 |
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6 |
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| Year |
2001 |
| Title |
ICP Waters - An international programme for surface water monitoring |
| Authors |
Kvaeven, B., Ulstein, M. J., Skjelkvale, B. L., Raddum, G. G., and Hovind, H. |
| Keywords |
international, monitoring, acidification, surface waters, Acidification, and europe |
| Abstract |
The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP Waters) was established in July 1985 under the United Nations Economic Comission for Europe (UN/ECE) Executive Body of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The Programme Centre is at the Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo. The main aim of the Programme is to assess, on a regional basis, the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. 23 countries in Europe and North America participate on a regular basis. The major findings in the programme cover (1) regional trends in water chemistry related to changes in S- and N-deposition, (2) dose/response relationships particularly between biology (invertebrates) and water chemistry (acidification status), (3) effects of acidification on aquatic fauna, (4) implications for the assessment of critical loads, and (5) nitrogen leaching. Both chemical and biological intercalibrations and intercomparisons are important parts of the programme activities. |
| Accession |
ISI:000172011900100 |
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7 |
Back to the list
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| Year |
2001 |
| Title |
Coordinated effects monitoring and modelling for developing and supporting international air pollution control agreements |
| Authors |
Bull, K. R., Achermann, B., Bashkin, V., Chrast, R., Fenech, G., Forsius, M., Gregor, H. D., Guardans, R., Haussmann, T., Hayes, F., Hettelingh, J. P., Johannessen, T., Krzyzanowski, M., Kucera, V., Kvaeven, B., Lorenz, M., Lundin, L., Mills, G., Posch, M., Skjelkvale, B. L., and Ulstein, M. J. |
| Keywords |
air pollution effects, international cooperative programme, transboundary air pollution, critical loads, Europe, and ozone |
| Abstract |
For 20 years the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has worked to control air pollutant emissions in Europe and North America. Its Working Group on Effects (WGE) has been responsible for much of the underpinning science. The WGE's six International Cooperative Programmes (ICPs) on Waters, Natural Vegetation and Crops, Forests, Materials and Cultural Heritage, Integrated Monitoring, and Modelling and Mapping, together with a Joint Task Force on Human Health with WHO, quantify air pollution effects on the environment through monitoring, modelling and scientific review. Early work found evidence to support the need for decreases in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen pollutants. More recently, monitoring results and models have provided the scientific basis, e.g. critical loads and levels, for effects-based Protocols and for evaluating their effectiveness. ICP studies on trends show recovery from acidification effects in keeping with the fall in sulphur emissions. Steady-state models provide an indication of long-term improvements. Recent increased emphasis on developing dynamic models will enable better links between recovery rates and abatement strategies. The scientific network of the ICPs and the monitoring and modelling results have been key to the development of the Convention and are an essential component for its success in the future. |
| Accession |
ISI:000171538500014 |
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8 |
Back to the list
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| Year |
1999 |
| Title |
Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe |
| Authors |
Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lukewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellogg, J. H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S., Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvale, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., van Dam, H., Webster, K. E., Wieting, J., and Wilander, A. |
| Keywords |
Northeastern us, surface waters, deposition, lakes, drought, sulfur, and wet |
| Abstract |
Rates of acidic deposition from the atmosphere ('acid rain') have decreased throughout the 1980s and 1990s across large portions of North America and Europe(1,2). Many recent studies have attributed observed reversals in surface-water acidification at national(3) and regional(4) scales to the declining deposition. To test whether emissions regulations have led to widespread recovery in surface-water chemistry, we analysed regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification (sulphate, nitrate and base-cation concentrations, and measured (Gran) alkalinity) for 205 lakes and streams in eight regions of North America and Europe. Dramatic differences in trend direction and strength for the two decades are apparent. In concordance with general temporal trends in acidic deposition, lake and stream sulphate concentrations decreased in all regions with the exception of Great Britain; all but one of these regions exhibited stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In contrast, regional declines in lake and stream nitrate concentrations were rare and, when detected, were very small. Recovery in alkalinity, expected wherever strong regional declines in sulphate concentrations have occurred, was observed in all regions of Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region (of five) in North America. We attribute the lack of recovery in three regions (south/central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill mountains and midwestern North America) to strong regional declines in base-cation concentrations that exceed the decreases in sulphate concentrations. |
| Accession |
ISI:000083054900046 |
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9 |
Back to the list
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| Year |
1997 |
| Title |
Acidification trends in surface waters in the international program on acidification of rivers and lakes |
| Authors |
Newell, A. D., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
| Keywords |
acidification, trends, sulfate, nitrate, United States, Europe, Eastern north-america, temporal variation, united-states, precipitation, deposition, chemistry, sulfate, nitrate, netherlands, and ontario |
| Abstract |
We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme for Acidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changes in surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes to trends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO42- concentrations predominated at European sites in the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sites in Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Other predominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of the sites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO3.- were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increased occurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack of documented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in several variables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changes in deposition were found using these data. |
| Accession |
ISI:A1997WL53500002 |
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10 |
Back to the list
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| Year |
1995 |
| Title |
Critical limbs of acidification to invertebrates in different regions of Europe |
| Authors |
Raddum, G. G., and Skjelkvale, B. L. |
| Keywords |
acidification, freshwater, invertebrates, critical load, adaptations, and Acid |
| Abstract |
The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP-Water) started in 1987. The main aim of the programme is to establish degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters and evaluate dose/response relationships to aquatic biota attributable to acidic deposition. The sample frequency in each locality is from a few - to a large number every year. Samples of invertebrates are taken from 108 localities. One time samples as well as regularly seasonal samples over years exist in the database. The acidity score (Raddum index) is determined for the different sites and regions, and compared with the corresponding chemical data. The analysis show a strong relationship between water quality and fauna. Sensitive species/taxa are associated with high ANC and pH, while tolerant species/taxa are associated with low pH and ANC. The diversity of the fauna in less acidified areas varies from region to region depending on the native water quality and the adaptions of the fauna. In areas with strongly oligotrophic water, low in ionic strength, the sensitive fauna tolerate lower ANC and pH than in areas with originally high ionic strength and high pH. The critical load of ANC, 20 mu eq/l, developed for the oligotrophic water in Norway, should therefore be increased in watersheds with high ionic strength. In Central Europe the data indicate a critical level of ANC approximate to 50 mu eq/l. |
| Accession |
ISI:A1995UB05300032 |
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